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🌸 Compendium Grammar FR

Français — participle agreement with avoir

In the passé composé with avoir, the past participle usually stays invariable — but it agrees in gender and number with a direct object that comes before the verb.

1

How it works

✓ Rule

Compare J'ai acheté des fleurs (object after — no agreement) with les fleurs que j'ai achetées and je les ai achetées (object fleurs, feminine plural, comes before — participle takes -es). The trigger is the direct object placed before avoir, usually a pronoun (le, la, les, me, te, nous, vous) or the relative que.

2

Examples

Object after the verb vs. object before it
Sentence Participle Why
J'ai acheté des fleurs. acheté Object (des fleurs) after the verb — no agreement.
Les fleurs que j'ai achetées. achetées que = fleurs (fem. pl.) before the verb — add -es.
Je les ai achetées. achetées les = fleurs (fem. pl.) before the verb — agreement.
Elle a écrit une lettre. écrit Object (une lettre) after the verb — no agreement.
La lettre qu'elle a écrite. écrite que = lettre (fem. sg.) before the verb — add -e.
Combien de livres as-tu lus ? lus livres (masc. pl.), object before the verb — add -s.
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Good to know

⚠ Note

Only a direct object triggers agreement, not an indirect one: in Je leur ai parlé (leur = to them, indirect) the participle stays parlé. There is also no agreement with the pronoun en: Des fleurs ? J'en ai acheté. In the feminine the difference is usually silent, but écrite vs. mise (from mettre) can be heard.

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