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Compendium
🧩 Compendium Grammar PL

Polski — Aspectual prefixes

Adding a prefix to a base verb like pisać changes both its aspect and its lexical meaning. The same root spawns a family of distinct verbs: przepisać, dopisać, wypisać, zapisać, spisać, podpisać.

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How it works

✓ Rule

The imperfective base pisać (to write) is a bare activity. A prefix perfectivizes it and adds a spatial or resultative nuance: prze- 'across/over' gives przepisać (to copy out), do- 'up to/add' gives dopisać (to add in writing), wy- 'out' gives wypisać (to write out/list). Each new verb has its own aspect pair, e.g. zapisać / zapisywać.

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Examples

Prefixed verbs built on pisać
Verb Meaning Example
przepisać to copy out; to rewrite; (medicine) to prescribe Przepisała notatki do zeszytu.
dopisać to add (in writing), append Dopisz swoje nazwisko na końcu.
wypisać to write out, list; to discharge (patient) Lekarz wypisał pacjenta do domu.
zapisać to note down; to save (a file); to enrol Zapisz plik przed zamknięciem programu.
spisać to make a list; to draw up (a document); to note down Policjant spisał dane świadków.
podpisać to sign; to caption Proszę podpisać umowę na ostatniej stronie.
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Good to know

⚠ Note

The prefix meaning is often idiomatic and not fully predictable: zapisać means both 'save a file' and 'note down', and przepisać can mean 'prescribe medicine'. Don't assume the prefix's spatial sense always carries over — learn each prefixed verb, and its imperfective partner (przepisać → przepisywać), as its own item.

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