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🔄 Compendium Grammar ES

Español — Gerund: uses and misuse

The Spanish gerund (‑ando / ‑iendo) expresses an action in progress. It marks manner, simultaneity and cause, and combines with verbs like estar, seguir, ir and venir; it never works as an adjective or for a later action.

1

How it works

✓ Rule

The gerund shows how or when something happens: manner ('Entró corriendo'), simultaneity ('Estudia escuchando música') or cause ('Sabiendo eso, se fue'). With auxiliary verbs it forms periphrases: 'Está lloviendo' (in progress), 'Sigue estudiando' (continuity), 'Voy aprendiendo' (gradual progression) and 'Vengo diciéndolo' (accumulated action).

2

Examples

Gerund constructions and their meaning
Construction Example Meaning
estar + gerundio Está lloviendo. action in progress
seguir + gerundio Sigue estudiando. continuation
ir + gerundio Voy aprendiendo. gradual progression
venir + gerundio Vengo diciéndolo. action accumulated over time
gerundio de modo Entró corriendo. manner
gerundio de simultaneidad Estudia escuchando música. simultaneity
gerundio de causa Sabiendo eso, se fue. cause
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Good to know

⚠ Note

Don't use the gerund as an adjective: say 'una caja que contiene libros', not *'una caja conteniendo libros'. Nor for a later action: 'Salió y murió un día después', not *'Salió, muriendo un día después'. The gerund must be simultaneous with, or immediately prior to, the main action.

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