Polski — passive adjectival participle
The passive adjectival participle ends in -ny/-ony/-ty (czytany, zrobiony, umyty, otwarty). It describes something that undergoes an action and behaves like an adjective — it agrees in gender, number and case.
How it works
The participle is built from transitive verbs by choosing one of three suffixes: -ny after -a-/-e- stems (czytać → czytany), -ony after -i-/-y- stems or a softened stem (zrobić → zrobiony, kupić → kupiony), and -ty after monosyllabic or nasal stems (umyć → umyty, zamknąć → zamknięty, otworzyć → otwarty). Used attributively it precedes the noun (otwarte okno); in the passive it combines with być or zostać (drzwi są/zostały otwarte).
Forms by suffix
| Infinitive | Participle | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| czytać | czytany | read |
| pisać | pisany | written |
| zrobić | zrobiony | done, made |
| kupić | kupiony | bought |
| umyć | umyty | washed |
| zamknąć | zamknięty | closed, shut |
| otworzyć | otwarty | opened, open |
Good to know
Only transitive verbs form this participle. In the passive, być gives a state (drzwi są otwarte — the door is open) while zostać gives an event (drzwi zostały otwarte — the door was opened). Watch the consonant softening before -ony: robić → robiony, but the stem changes in zaprosić → zaproszony and zapłacić → zapłacony.