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☑️ Compendium Grammar PL

Polski — powinien (should)

The Polish word powinien expresses obligation or advice ('should'). It is not a regular verb: it combines a participle form (powinien, powinna, powinni…) with the personal endings of być. Both parts agree with the subject in gender and number.

1

How it works

✓ Rule

Pick the participle by gender and number, then add the personal ending of być: powinienem / powinnam for 'I should', powinieneś for 'you should', powinien / powinna for 'he/she should', powinniśmy for 'we should'. Example: Powinieneś odpocząć ('You should rest'); Powinnam zadzwonić ('I should call').

2

Full paradigm

powinien conjugated for person, gender and number
Person Masculine Feminine
1st sg. (ja) powinienem powinnam
2nd sg. (ty) powinieneś powinnaś
3rd sg. (on/ona) powinien powinna
1st pl. (my) powinniśmy powinnyśmy
2nd pl. (wy) powinniście powinnyście
3rd pl. (oni/one) powinni powinny
3

Good to know

⚠ Note

The być ending is often written attached (powinienem) but may also stand as a separate clitic that moves in the sentence: Powinienem to zrobić = Ja bym to powinien zrobić-style shifts. For the past ('should have'), add był/była: powinienem był to zrobić ('I should have done it'). A common mistake is to treat powinien like a normal verb and say the non-existent *powinię — the form is always participle + być ending.

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